RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A fibromialgia (FM) é uma dor musculoesquelética crônica generalizada que resulta na sensibilização central da sinalização nociceptiva. A estimulação transcraniana de corrente contínua (eTCC) sobre o córtex motor esquerdo (M1) é uma técnica de neuromodulação não invasiva indicada para uma ampla gama de distúrbios de dor crônica, incluindo a FM. Estudos sugerem a modulação do M1 esquerdo e direito (hemisfério contralateral e ipsilateral da eTCC). Mas é necessário esclarecer as diferenças na percepção clínica da dor comparando os lados direito e esquerdo do corpo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diferença relacionada à dor entre o lado direito e esquerdo do corpo após cinco sessões de eTCC anodal em mulheres com FM. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo duplo-cego, paralelo, randomizado e controlado por sham com 30 mulheres com FM. Foram realizadas cinco sessões de eTCC anodais C3 e supraorbitais catodais (Fp2) (2 mA por 20 min). Foram avaliados a dor, o impacto da FM e a ansiedade. Não foi encontrada nenhuma interação de três vias estatisticamente significativa entre tempo, tipo de estimulação e lado do corpo. RESULTADOS: A eTCC-Ativa mostrou uma melhora significativa na dor, mas o impacto da FM e da ansiedade não mostrou uma melhora significativa. CONCLUSÃO: Cinco sessões de eTCC anodal sobre o M1 esquerdo melhoram a dor nas mulheres com FM, entretanto não houve diferença entre os lados direito e esquerdo do corpo.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain resulting in central sensitization of nociceptive signaling. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left motor cortex (M1) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique indicated for a broad range of chronic pain disorders, including FM. Studies suggest that left and right M1 (contralateral and ipsilateral hemisphere of tDCS stimulation) are modulated. But it is necessary to clarify the differences in clinical pain perception comparing the right and left side of the body. This study aimed to evaluate the pain-related difference between right-left side of the body after five sessions of anodal tDCS in women with FM. METHODS: A double-blinded, parallel, randomized, sham-controlled trial with 30 women with FM was performed. Five sessions of anodal C3 and cathodal supraorbital (Fp2) tDCS were conducted (2 mA for 20 min). Pain, impact of FM and anxiety were evaluated. No statistically significant three-way interaction between time, stimulation type and body side were found. RESULTS: Active-tDCS showed significant improvement in pain, but impact of FM and anxiety did not show significant improvement. CONCLUSION: Five sessions of anodal tDCS over the left M1 improves pain in women with FM, however there was no difference between right-left body sides.

Abstract Evaluate of cashew nut shell liquid (alginate-CNSL) on TBARS, physicochemical attributes and microbial growing of beef steak was investigated. Three edible coating treatments were prepared: (1) control (uncoating); (2) sodium alginate coating (no additive); and (3) active coatings of sodium alginate added cashew nut shell liquid (alginate-CNSL) at 1% into. Color indexes and water holding capacity were not affected by coating treatments. The pH of the beef samples from the control treatment increased at storage time, and the beef involved with alginate-CNSL coating maintained a pH stable. Alginate-CNSL coating promoted cooking loss lower after 3rd day of storage. Alginate-CNSL coating promoted a lower shear force decrease compared at control and sodium alginate coating. Alginate-CNSL coating reduced lipid oxidation (TBARS) and microbial growing (mesophiles and psychrophiles counts) in beef compared others treatments. Active coating from CNSL (1%) improved the beef preservation, reducing lipid oxidation and microbial growing, until the 6th day of storage stability.

SUMMARY The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has infected millions of people worldwide and generated many sequels in the survivors, such as muscular pain and fatigue. These symptoms have been treated through pharmacological approaches; however, infected people keep presenting physical limitations. Besides, the COVID-19 damage to the central nervous system has also been related to the presence of some physical impairment, so strategies that focus on diverse brain areas should be encouraged. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-pharmacological tool that could be associated with pharmacological treatments to improve the central nervous system function and decrease the exacerbation of the immune system response. tDCS targeting pain and fatigue-related areas could provide an increase in neuroplasticity and enhancements in physical functions. Moreover, it can be used in infirmaries and clinical centers to treat COVID-19 patients.

Abstract To produce polysaccharide-based hydrogels and cerium (Ce3+) doped hydroxyapatite plus chitosan and collagen to enable future applications in the treatment of joint degeneration. Hydrogel production and characterization were performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and cytotoxicity testing with MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. A final biomaterial composition was Kelcogel® Gelana (58%), chitosan (22.3%), Ce3+ doped hydroxyapatite (10.7%) and bovine collagen (9%), or selected aspect material gelatinous physical color with whitish color and can be injected. The biomaterial composition was proven in the FTIR and TGA, which also provided the maximum supported temperature. In the MTT assay, despite the reduction in viability of the experimental group compared to the control group, cell viability remained approximately 90%. In the FTIR and TGA tests, the material composition was proven. The material does not present cytotoxic behavior for the MTT test, being an alternative for the treatment of joint diseases.

Polymeric bionanocomposites are versatile materials that have many practical applications. The wide use of these materials is mainly due to their structure and properties, which combine at nanometric scale, the functionality of biopolymers with the excellent stability of inorganic solids, such as the clay minerals family. Montmorillonite is the most widely employed clay mineral in the development of polymeric bionanocomposites. The resulting materials from the combination of biopolymers and montmorillonite clay can form different structures (layered, delaminated, and exfoliated phases) and morphologies (powder, films or beads), exhibiting new features and better chemical, mechanical, thermal, and gas barrier properties compared to the pristine matrices, owing to the synergistic effect between both organic and inorganic moieties. In this sense, this review addresses polymeric bionanocomposites originating from the interaction between montmorillonite and chitosan and cellulose biopolymers. The synthesis, characteristics, and main applications of polymeric bionanocomposites have been reported, and in some cases, the relationship between the formed structures and final properties of bionanocomposites is also highlighted.

RESUMO Atualmente, muitas pessoas ainda têm sido infectadas pelo Coronavírus (COVID-19) e apresentado sintomas cardiorrespiratórios gerados principalmente pela resposta do sistema imune do hospedeiro e inflamação do trato respiratório. Até agora, não existe nenhum tratamento efetivo para combater o COVID-19 e apesar de muitas especulações diárias sobre novos tratamentos e vacinas, neste artigo, nós discutimos sobre a efetividade de uma técnica barata e cientificamente comprovada para tratar e prevenir diversas doenças. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado os benefícios do exercício físico em indivíduos que tem praticado de forma rotineira. Esta abordagem é uma excelente estratégia para melhorar a capacidade cardiorrespiratória, sistema inflamatório e resposta imune. Devido ao período de quarentena, a prática de exercício físico em casa pode também ser usada para combater o COVID-19 e deve ser inserida na rotina das pessoas.

SUMMARY Currently, many people have been infected by the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and presented cardiorespiratory symptoms caused mainly by the host immune system response and respiratory tract inflammation. So far, there is no effective treatment to fight off COVID-19 and, despite many daily speculations about new treatments and vaccines, in this article, we discuss the effectiveness of a cheap and scientific proven technique to treat and prevent several diseases. Many studies have shown the benefits of physical exercise in individuals who have practiced it routinely. This approach is a great strategy to improve people's cardiorespiratory capacity, inflammation system, and immune response. Due to the quarantine period, the practice of physical exercise at home can also be used to fight off COVID-19 and must be inserted into people's routines.

RESUMO O surgimento da pandemia do Coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) tem demonstrado rápido aumento dos casos e das mortes. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) apontou que mais de 200.000 casos confirmados foram identificados em mais de 166 países/territórios. As autoridades de saúde pública no Brasil relataram 532 casos confirmados até 19 de março. Aproximadamente 5% dos pacientes necessitarão de tratamento em unidade de terapia intensiva com oxigenoterapia e ventilação mecânica. Temos disponíveis dados limitados sobre protocolos de reabilitação para doenças graves e tratamento em unidade de terapia intensiva de pacientes com COVID-19. Assim, nosso objetivo é mostrar informações atuais sobre o COVID-19, descrevendo sintomas e controle respiratório de pacientes críticos e cuidados preventivos. Fisioterapeutas e todos os profissionais de saúde precisam reconhecer os desafios que enfrentaremos nos próximos meses.

SUMMARY The emergence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic shows a rapid increase in cases and deaths. The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that more than 200.000 confirmed cases have been identified in more than 166 countries/territories. Public health authorities in Brasil have reported 532 confirmed cases by March 19. Approximately 5% of the patients will require intensive care unit treatment with oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation. Limited data are available about rehabilitation protocols for severe illness and intensive care treatment of COVID-19 increase. Thus, we aim to show current information about COVID-19, describing symptoms and the respiratory management for critical patients and preventive care. Physical therapists and all health care professionals need to recognize the challenges they will face in the coming months.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on acetylated cashew gun (aCG) nanoparticles parameters and to assess their antimicrobial activity. C1 nanoparticles presented smaller size (81.3 nm) than compared to C2 (115.7 nm). Although, acetone formed particles with lower PDI value. Both C1 and C2 presented negative zeta potential (-39.8 and -31.7 respectively). Particle tracking analysis showed that C1 was slightly more concentrated than C2. No statistical differences (p < 0.05) between the same samples after 5 months were found. Both samples did not exert inhibitory effect on E. coli, on the contrary S. aureus, in which both C1 (36.9%) and C2 (19.9%) provided important inhibitory effect. C1 presented a more pronounced antifungal effect (81.2%), compared to C2 (18.8%), indicating a promising platform to be used in several biomedical application.

RESUMO A introdução da zircônia (ZrO2) como material odontológico representa um grande avanço quando comparado aos demais materiais tradicionalmente utilizados para esta finalidade. Este material destaca-se, devido às suas ótimas propriedades tais como resistência mecânica e biocompatibilidade. No entanto, existem limitações quanto a sua coloração branca e alta opacidade, não sendo possível mimetizar as características da dentição humana, afetando assim o conceito estético desses materiais e diminuindo o conforto do paciente. Este trabalho propõe desenvolver pós de zircônia pigmentada através do método Pechini, dopando-os com óxido de ferro em diferentes concentrações (3 %, 2 %, 1 %, 0,5 %, 0,25 % em mol) e itria, posteriormente calciná-los a temperatura de 1000 °C, com a finalidade de obter a mistura química mais efetiva, próxima da tonalidade da dentina humana. As amostras foram caracterizadas por Difração de Raios X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS), teste de toxicidade e avaliação colorimétrica, confirmando a presença do ferro dentro da microestrutura da zircônia e suas modificações causadas no material. Os resultados indicam que os tamanhos de cristalitos dos pós sintetizados aumentaram de 35,45 nm para 48,97 nm, quando a concentração de ferro aumentou de 0 % para 3%. Os espectros de EDS indicaram a presença de ferro em todas as amostras, com variadas concentrações do pigmento. O método utilizado foi efetivo para a produção de pós de zircônia com variadas nuances de cores, possuindo um grande potencial para aplicações odontológicas.

ABSTRACT The introduction of zirconia (ZrO2) as a dental material, represents a major advance when compared to other materials traditionally used for this purpose. This material stands out due to its excellent properties such as mechanical resistance and biocompatibility. However, there are limitations regarding its white color and high opacity, and it is not possible to mimic the characteristics of human dentition, thus affecting the aesthetic concept of these materials and reducing patient comfort. This work proposes to develop pigmented zirconia powders using the Pechini method, doping them with iron oxide in different concentrations (3 %, 2 %, 1 %, 0.5 %, 0.25 mol%) and itria, later calcine them at a temperature of 1000 °C in order to obtain the most effective chemical mixture, close to the shade of human dentin. The samples were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), toxicity testing and colorimetric evaluation, confirming the presence of iron within the zirconia microstructure and its modifications caused in the material. The obtained results indicate that the crystallite sizes of the synthesized powders increased from 35,45 nm to 48,97 nm when the iron concentration increased from 0 % to 3 mol%. The EDS spectra indicated the presence of iron in all the samples, with varying concentrations of the pigmentant agent. The method used was effective for the production of zirconia powders with varied color nuances, having great potential for dental applications.

Abstract COVID-19 outbreak has been dogged the whole world and besides economic damage; this new virus has been collapsing health units worldwide. Many people have been infected and died every day and so far, there are no vaccines or drugs approved to fight off COVID-19. In this sense, many countries have adopted strategies to avoid virus spread during the quarantine. Social isolation has caused psychological impacts and changes in people’s routine, thus physical exercise emerges as an alternative to decrease cognitive problems developed by people during the quarantine. The use of technology to guide people during physical education classes has become a great strategy for people who cannot leave their homes. Besides, technology can insert people in an immersive environment increasing their interaction, merriment, improving their immune and cardiovascular systems. Physical education teacher must be considered an essential health professional during this pandemic period because they can guide and stimulate individuals to practice physical exercise routinely, in order to keep and improve their health.

Abstract TiO2 immobilized in Sepiolite (TiO2/Sep) was successfully prepared by the sol-gel technique, with titanium isopropoxide as the precursor for the formation of TiO2 in the anatase phase calcined at 400 °C. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to energy dispersive spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that TiO2/Sep structure was identified in all characterizations, showing the specific peaks, bands, mass loss, and morphology after the impregnation process. Photocatalytic experiments were performed under UV irradiation with various photocatalyst concentrations and pH effects in the reaction. The prepared samples presented 72% photocatalytic efficiency for eosin (EA) dye discoloration after 150 min under UV light. This efficiency was attributed to the radicals generated from the TiO2 and the high specific surface area, showing that TiO2/Sep is promising candidate in the degradation of organic pollutants.

RESUMO O Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) é uma patologia que frequentemente causa limitações motoras nos Membros Superiores (MMSS) gerando prejuízos funcionais nos movimentos de alcance. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o recrutamento muscular do membro superior parético durante três condições de alcance: ativo, ativo-assistido e autoassistido, através de dados eletromiográficos das fibras anteriores do Músculo Deltoide (MD), Bíceps Braquial (BB) e Tríceps Braquial (TB). Estudo do tipo transversal que utilizou como testes clínicos o miniexame do estado mental, escala de equilíbrio de Berg, medida de independência funcional, escala modificada de Ashworth e escala de Fugl-Meyer - seção MMSS. A coleta dos dados eletromiográficos de superfície foi realizada utilizando-se o eletromiógrafo e eletrodos de configuração bipolar da EMG System do Brasil com três canais posicionados nos pontos motores do MD (fibras anteriores), BB e TB de ambos os membros superiores. As variáveis clínicas apresentaram resultados de comprometimento motor, cognitivo e funcional leves. Os dados eletromiográficos mostraram que o MD e TB durante o alcance ativo-assistido contraíram mais que no alcance autoassistido (p<0.05). Os MD e TB apresentaram diferenças significativas durante os movimentos de alcance, enquanto que o músculo BB não mostrou alterações. Entre os diversos tipos de alcance, o ativo-assistido foi o que proporcionou maior ativação muscular. Sugere-se que sejam feitos ensaios clínicos para verificar a eficácia dos treinamentos.

ABSTRACT A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is a disease that often causes upper limb motor limitations and functional losses in reaching movements. The objective of this study was to analyze the muscle recruitment of the paretic upper limb during three reaching conditions: active, active-assisted and self-assisted, through electromyographic data of anterior fibers of Deltoid Muscle (DM), Biceps Brachii (BB) and Triceps Brachii (TB). Cross-sectional study that used as clinical trials the Mini-Mental State Examination, Berg balance scale, functional independence measure, the modified Ashworth scale, and the Fugl-Meyer assessment - upper limbs section. Surface electromyographic data were collected using the electromyograph and bipolar electrode configuration of the EMG System do Brasil with three channels positioned in the motor points of DM (anterior fibers), BB and TB of both upper limbs. Clinical variables showed mild motor, cognitive, and functional impairment. Electromyographic data showed that DM and TB contracted more during active-assisted than during self-assisted exercise (p<0.05). DM and TB presented significant differences during reaching movements, while the BB muscle showed no changes. Among the different reaching exercises, the active-assisted was the one that provided greater muscle activation. Clinical trials are suggested to verify the effectiveness of the training.

RESUMEN El Accidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) es una patología que frecuentemente causa limitaciones motoras en los Miembros Superiores (MMSS) generando perjuicios funcionales en los movimientos de alcance. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el reclutamiento muscular del miembro superior parético durante tres condiciones de alcance: activo, activo-asistido y auto-asistido, a través de datos electromiográficos de las fibras anteriores del Músculo Deltóide (MD), Bíceps Braquial (BB) y Tríceps Braquial (TB). Estudio del tipo transversal que utilizó como pruebas clínicas el mini-examen del estado mental, escala de equilibrio de Berg, medida de independencia funcional, escala modificada de Ashworth y escala de Fugl-Meyer - sección MMSS. La recolección de los datos electromiográficos de superficie fue realizada utilizando el electromiografo y electrodos de configuración bipolar de la EMG System de Brasil con tres canales colocados en los puntos motores del MD (fibras anteriores), BB y TB de ambos miembros superiores. Las variables clínicas presentaron resultados de compromiso motor, cognitivo y funcional leves. Los datos electromiográficos mostraron que el MD y el TB durante el alcance activo-asistido contrajeron más que en el alcance auto-asistido (p<0.05). Los MD y TB presentaron diferencias significativas durante los movimientos de alcance, mientras que el músculo BB no mostró alteraciones. Entre los diversos tipos de alcance, el activo asistido fue el que proporcionó mayor activación muscular. Se sugiere que se realicen ensayos clínicos para verificar la eficacia de los entrenamientos.

ABSTRACT The subcutaneous administration of insulin has been the treatment of millions of diabetics in the world. However, for such via insulin is invasive and not mimics the physiological action causing side effects. The oral route would be the most physiological and comfortable option, but the oral bioavailability of insulin is low by proteolytic activity and reduced permeability of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the study was to develop a nanostructured system integrating biomaterials for oral insulin delivery. Cashew gum (CG) is a polysaccharide extracted from the exudate of the plant Anacardium occidentale. It is a biopolymer composed of simple sugars and glucuronic acid and it can be used in nanostructured systems for the incorporation of molecules. The exudate was isolated, dissolved in water, filtered, precipitated in ethanol and purified. The CG was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and molecular weight by size exclusion chromatography. Nanoparticles were prepared through ionotropic gelation integrating cashew gum, dextran sulfate and poloxamer containing insulin stabilized with chitosan, poly(ethyleneglycol) and coated with albumin. The particles were analyzed for particle size, zeta potential and insulin entrapment efficiency. The FTIR spectrum for CG showed a band at 3395 cm-1 due to the stretching vibration of O-H, a band at 2926 cm-1 of C-H vibrations; absorption at 1639 cm-1 of O-H type from bound water molecules and bands at 1143, 1073 and 1024 cm-1 due vibrations of the C-O-C from glycosidic bonds and O-H of alcohols. The peak molar mass of GC was 2.35 × 104 g/mol. The particles had a size of 156 nm and after coating, size of 5387 nm with 92% insulin entrapment efficiency and zeta potential of -51 mV indicating electrostatic stabilization. The results suggest an innovative cashew gum base system for oral insulin administration.

RESUMO O Babaçu (Orbignya sp) é uma planta lignocelulósica, disponível em larga escala no norte-nordeste do Brasil, que vem despontado como uma boa fonte de biomateriais, sendo utilizados em vários estudos como adsorventes. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo prospectivo do uso de subprodutos do babaçu (endocarpo, mesocarpo, epicarpo e carvão ativado) como um material com excelentes propriedades adsortivas, em potencial, para moléculas inorgânicas e orgânicas.O estudo foi realizado através de uma revisão de literatura (artigos e patentes), no intervalo temporal de julho de 2015 a fevereiro de 2018. As bases de dados utilizadas foram: Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial do Brasil, World Intellectual Property Organization, European Patent Office, United States Patent and Trademark Office e Patentes públicas da América latina e Espanha, para busca de patentes; e Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science e Scientific Electronic Library Online, para os artigos. A partir da análise criteriosa do levantamento bibliográfico foram selecionados 18 artigos científicos e 1 patente, sobre o tema. Dentre os quais o mesocarpo, epicarpo (naturais e modificados) e o carvão ativado do babaçu foram substratos de adsorção bastante eficientes. Onde os resultados foram satisfatórios, de modo que o babaçu desponta como um bom adsorvente e de baixo custo, sendo assim um biomaterial de qualidade e acessível.

ABSTRACT Babaçu (Orbignya sp) is a lignocellulosic plant, available in large scale in the north-northeast of Brazil, which has been emerging as a good source of biomaterials, being used in several studies as adsorbents. The objective of this study was to prospectively study the use of babaçu by-products (endocarp, mesocarp, epicarp and activated carbon) as a material with the exception of potential adsorptive target species for inorganic and organic molecules. was carried out through a literature review (article and patents), in the time period of July 2015 and February 2018. The databases used were: National Institute of Industrial Property of Brazil, World Intellectual Property Organization, Patents, Patent and Trademark Office of the United States of America and Spain for Patent Search; and Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Scientific Electronic Library Online, for articles. From the careful analysis of the bibliographical survey, 18 scientific papers and 1 patent on the subject were selected. Among them, the mesocarp, epicarp (natural and modified) and the activated charcoal of babassu were very efficient adsorption substrates. The results were satisfactory, so that babassu was shown as a good indicator of cost and benefit, thus being a quality and accessible biomaterial.